Optimization

admin/assets/js/08-server-config.js

@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ async function loadServerConfig() {
     // SSH / general
     document.getElementById("cfgLimitUp").value      = c.default_limit_mbps_up || 0;
     document.getElementById("cfgLimitDown").value    = c.default_limit_mbps_down || 0;
+    document.getElementById("cfgMaxTotalConns").value = c.max_total_connections || 0;
     document.getElementById("cfgQuiet").checked      = !!c.quiet;
     document.getElementById("cfgUserCount").checked  = !!c.user_count;
 
@@ -133,6 +134,7 @@ async function loadServerConfig() {
     const u = c.udpgw || {};
     document.getElementById("cfgUdpgwListen").value    = u.listen || "";
     document.getElementById("cfgUdpgwMaxConns").value  = u.max_client_conns || 0;
+    document.getElementById("cfgUdpgwMaxClients").value = u.max_clients || 0;
     document.getElementById("cfgUdpgwIdle").value      = u.idle_timeout || "";
     document.getElementById("cfgUdpgwMapTTL").value    = u.map_ttl || "";
     document.getElementById("cfgUdpgwAutoRestart").value = u.auto_restart_interval || "";
@@ -175,6 +177,7 @@ async function saveServerConfig() {
     admin_dir:            "/opt/sshpanel/admin",
     default_limit_mbps_up:   parseInt(document.getElementById("cfgLimitUp").value  || "0", 10),
     default_limit_mbps_down: parseInt(document.getElementById("cfgLimitDown").value || "0", 10),
+    max_total_connections:   parseInt(document.getElementById("cfgMaxTotalConns").value || "0", 10),
     quiet:      document.getElementById("cfgQuiet").checked,
     user_count: document.getElementById("cfgUserCount").checked,
     banner:      document.getElementById("cfgBanner").value,
@@ -204,6 +207,7 @@ async function saveServerConfig() {
     udpgw: document.getElementById("cfgUdpgwEnabled").checked ? {
       listen:          document.getElementById("cfgUdpgwListen").value.trim(),
       max_client_conns: parseInt(document.getElementById("cfgUdpgwMaxConns").value || "0", 10),
+      max_clients:     parseInt(document.getElementById("cfgUdpgwMaxClients").value || "0", 10),
       idle_timeout:    document.getElementById("cfgUdpgwIdle").value.trim(),
       map_ttl:         document.getElementById("cfgUdpgwMapTTL").value.trim(),
       auto_restart_interval: document.getElementById("cfgUdpgwAutoRestart").value.trim(),

admin/index.html

@@ -976,6 +976,10 @@
               <label>Default Download Limit (Mbps)</label>
               <input type="number" id="cfgLimitDown" min="0" placeholder="0 = unlimited"/>
             </div>
+            <div class="field">
+              <label>Max Total SSH Connections <span class="hint">0 = default (10000) · -1 = unlimited</span></label>
+              <input type="number" id="cfgMaxTotalConns" min="-1" placeholder="10000" title="Global cap across all users. New connections past this are rejected before the SSH handshake, so a surge cannot exhaust memory/CPU. Raise it if the server has resources for more; set -1 to remove the cap entirely."/>
+            </div>
           </div>
           <div style="display:flex;gap:16px;margin-top:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;">
             <label style="font-size:.73rem;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;cursor:pointer;">
@@ -1104,6 +1108,10 @@
               <label>Max UDP Sessions Per Client <span class="hint">(not total server users)</span></label>
               <input type="number" id="cfgUdpgwMaxConns" min="0" placeholder="10" title="Per connected client. This is not the total number of UDPGW users allowed on the server."/>
             </div>
+            <div class="field">
+              <label>Max Total Clients <span class="hint">0 = default (10000)</span></label>
+              <input type="number" id="cfgUdpgwMaxClients" min="0" placeholder="10000" title="Total concurrent UDPGW client connections allowed on the server. New clients past this are rejected. Raise it if the server has resources for more."/>
+            </div>
             <div class="field">
               <label>Idle Timeout</label>
               <input type="text" id="cfgUdpgwIdle" placeholder="2m"/>

hotreload.go

@@ -334,6 +334,7 @@ func applyFullConfigReload(newCfg *Config) ConfigReloadReport {
 	// (picked up by new connections).
 	setDefaultLimits(newCfg.DefaultLimitMbpsUp, newCfg.DefaultLimitMbpsDown)
 	setSSHIdleTimeoutFromConfig(newCfg.SSHIdleTimeout)
+	setMaxTotalConnsFromConfig(newCfg.MaxTotalConnections)
 
 	// Quiet logging / user count display
 	if newCfg.Quiet {

main.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	_ "github.com/lib/pq"
@@ -96,6 +97,13 @@ type Config struct {
 	// released from the active user count. Empty = default 5m. Use "0s" to disable.
 	SSHIdleTimeout string `json:"ssh_idle_timeout,omitempty"`
 
+	// MaxTotalConnections caps the total number of concurrent SSH connections
+	// across all users. Once reached, new connections are rejected before the
+	// (expensive) SSH handshake, so a surge past normal load cannot exhaust
+	// memory/CPU and crash the server. 0 or empty uses the default (10000);
+	// set to -1 to disable the global cap entirely.
+	MaxTotalConnections int `json:"max_total_connections,omitempty"`
+
 	// NEW: Directory to serve the admin panel from
 	AdminDir string `json:"admin_dir"`
 
@@ -259,17 +267,21 @@ type UDPGWConfig struct {
 	// debug logs.  A value of zero suppresses hex dumps.  Default is 64.
 	HexdumpN int `json:"hexdump"`
 	// WriteChan sets the size of the buffered channel used for sending
-	// reply frames back to the client.  Larger values allow more queued
+	// reply frames back to the client. Default and hard ceiling is 1024:
-	// replies before blocking.  The default is 4096.
+	// values above the ceiling are clamped down, so an oversized value left in
+	// an old config cannot bloat per-client memory. Zero uses the default.
 	WriteChan int `json:"write_chan"`
 	// UDPBindIP, if non‑empty, causes each per‑client UDP socket to bind to
 	// the specified local IP address.  The port is chosen automatically.
 	UDPBindIP string `json:"udp_bind"`
-	// UDPRBuf sets the size of the UDP socket read buffer in bytes.  The
+	// UDPRBuf sets the per-client UDP socket read buffer in bytes. This is
-	// default is 8 MiB.  Setting this to zero uses the default.
+	// KERNEL memory allocated per connected client. Default and hard ceiling is
+	// 512 KiB; larger values (including old 8 MiB configs) are clamped down so
+	// thousands of clients cannot exhaust kernel memory. Zero uses the default.
 	UDPRBuf int `json:"udp_rbuf"`
-	// UDPWBuf sets the size of the UDP socket write buffer in bytes.  The
+	// UDPWBuf sets the per-client UDP socket write buffer in bytes. Default and
-	// default is 8 MiB.  Setting this to zero uses the default.
+	// hard ceiling is 512 KiB; larger values are clamped down. Zero uses the
+	// default.
 	UDPWBuf int `json:"udp_wbuf"`
 	// MapTTL controls how long a destination->connID mapping remains
 	// valid after the last packet from that destination.  Expressed as a
@@ -292,6 +304,12 @@ type UDPGWConfig struct {
 	// growth if a client sprays packets to many unique destinations.
 	// Default is 32768.
 	MaxMapEntries int `json:"max_map_entries"`
+	// MaxClients caps the total number of concurrent UDPGW client TCP
+	// connections. Once reached, new clients are rejected (their TCP socket is
+	// closed immediately) instead of being accepted, so a surge past normal
+	// load cannot exhaust memory and crash the server. Default is 10000.
+	// A value <= 0 uses the default.
+	MaxClients int `json:"max_clients"`
 
 	// AutoRestartInterval controls a watchdog that periodically hard-restarts
 	// the integrated UDPGW listener and closes all connected UDPGW clients. Empty,
@@ -494,25 +512,37 @@ func mbpsToBytesPerSec(mbps int) int64 {
 	return int64(mbps) * 1024 * 1024 / 8
 }
 
+// copyBufSize is the per-direction relay buffer for tunnel traffic. SSH tunnel
+// clients (mobile injection apps) push many low-bandwidth flows, so a large
+// buffer wastes heap with no throughput benefit. 16 KiB keeps per-channel heap
+// low across thousands of concurrent direct-tcpip channels.
+const copyBufSize = 16 * 1024
+
 var copyBufPool = sync.Pool{
-	New: func() interface{} { b := make([]byte, 32*1024); return &b },
+	New: func() interface{} { b := make([]byte, copyBufSize); return &b },
 }
 
+// copyWithRateLimit relays src->dst through a pooled buffer. Every copy path
+// (rate-limited or not) goes through the pool: previously the lim==nil path used
+// io.Copy, which allocates a fresh 32 KiB buffer per direction per channel and
+// never pools it — at thousands of channels that churn dominated GC pressure.
 func copyWithRateLimit(dst io.Writer, src io.Reader, lim *rate.Limiter) (written int64, err error) {
-	if lim == nil {
-		return io.Copy(dst, src)
-	}
-
 	bufp := copyBufPool.Get().(*[]byte)
 	buf := *bufp
 	defer copyBufPool.Put(bufp)
-	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	var ctx context.Context
+	if lim != nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
 
 	for {
 		nr, er := src.Read(buf)
 		if nr > 0 {
-			if err := lim.WaitN(ctx, nr); err != nil {
+			if lim != nil {
-				return written, err
+				if err := lim.WaitN(ctx, nr); err != nil {
+					return written, err
+				}
 			}
 
 			nw, ew := dst.Write(buf[:nr])
@@ -571,6 +601,35 @@ func getSSHIdleTimeout() time.Duration {
 	return d
 }
 
+// defaultMaxTotalConns is the global concurrent SSH connection cap used when
+// max_total_connections is unset (0). Keeps headroom above normal load while
+// preventing an unbounded surge from exhausting memory/CPU.
+const defaultMaxTotalConns = 10000
+
+var (
+	// activeSSHConns is the current number of in-flight SSH connections.
+	activeSSHConns int64
+	// maxTotalConns is the global cap; 0 means unlimited. Set from config.
+	maxTotalConns int64 = defaultMaxTotalConns
+	// sshConnsRejected counts connections turned away at the global cap.
+	sshConnsRejected int64
+)
+
+// setMaxTotalConnsFromConfig applies the max_total_connections config value:
+// 0 -> default, <0 -> disabled (unlimited), >0 -> that exact cap.
+func setMaxTotalConnsFromConfig(v int) {
+	var lim int64
+	switch {
+	case v < 0:
+		lim = 0
+	case v == 0:
+		lim = defaultMaxTotalConns
+	default:
+		lim = int64(v)
+	}
+	atomic.StoreInt64(&maxTotalConns, lim)
+}
+
 // activityConn tracks real SSH transport activity in both directions. The idle
 // monitor uses this instead of a read deadline so download-only or upload-only
 // tunnels are considered live and are not disconnected.
@@ -2018,6 +2077,19 @@ func handleConn(tcpConn net.Conn, config *ssh.ServerConfig) {
 	trackedConn := newActivityConn(tcpConn)
 	defer trackedConn.Close()
 
+	// Global connection cap: reject before the expensive SSH handshake so a
+	// surge past normal load cannot exhaust memory/CPU. Count first, then check,
+	// so the defer always balances the increment.
+	live := atomic.AddInt64(&activeSSHConns, 1)
+	defer atomic.AddInt64(&activeSSHConns, -1)
+	if lim := atomic.LoadInt64(&maxTotalConns); lim > 0 && live > lim {
+		r := atomic.AddInt64(&sshConnsRejected, 1)
+		if r == 1 || r%1000 == 0 {
+			log.Printf("ssh: global connection cap reached (%d); rejected %d connection(s) so far", lim, r)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
 	// Prevent goroutine leaks from clients that connect but never complete the SSH handshake.
 	_ = trackedConn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(sshHandshakeTimeout))
 
@@ -2142,8 +2214,17 @@ func handleDirectTCPIP(newChan ssh.NewChannel, u *UserState, upLimiter, downLimi
 		return
 	}
 
+	// Shared closer: when either copy direction finishes (including a
+	// half-close that never completes), both sides are force-closed so the
+	// other direction unblocks. Close is idempotent, so calling it from both
+	// directions is safe and no separate waiter goroutine is needed.
+	closeAll := func() {
+		_ = backend.Close()
+		_ = ch.Close()
+	}
+
+	// Drain channel requests concurrently so the peer isn't left waiting.
 	go func() {
-		defer ch.Close()
 		for req := range reqs {
 			if req.WantReply {
 				req.Reply(false, nil)
@@ -2151,22 +2232,8 @@ func handleDirectTCPIP(newChan ssh.NewChannel, u *UserState, upLimiter, downLimi
 		}
 	}()
 
-	// Use a WaitGroup + shared closer so that when either copy direction
+	// upstream: SSH channel -> backend, in its own goroutine.
-	// finishes (including a half-close that never completes), both sides
-	// are force-closed and the other goroutine is unblocked.  Without
-	// this, a backend that issues CloseWrite but never closes the read
-	// side would leave the downstream goroutine blocked indefinitely,
-	// leaking a goroutine, a rate-limiter, and the SSH channel.
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	closeAll := func() {
-		_ = backend.Close()
-		_ = ch.Close()
-	}
-
-	// upstream: SSH channel -> backend
-	wg.Add(1)
 	go func() {
-		defer wg.Done()
 		_, _ = copyWithRateLimit(backend, ch, upLimiter)
 		// Signal to the backend that we are done writing.
 		if cw, ok := backend.(interface{ CloseWrite() error }); ok {
@@ -2175,19 +2242,11 @@ func handleDirectTCPIP(newChan ssh.NewChannel, u *UserState, upLimiter, downLimi
 		closeAll()
 	}()
 
-	// downstream: backend -> SSH channel
+	// downstream: backend -> SSH channel, run in this goroutine.
-	wg.Add(1)
+	// handleDirectTCPIP already runs as its own goroutine (see handleConn),
-	go func() {
+	// so reusing it here avoids spawning a third goroutine per channel.
-		defer wg.Done()
+	_, _ = copyWithRateLimit(ch, backend, downLimiter)
-		_, _ = copyWithRateLimit(ch, backend, downLimiter)
+	closeAll()
-		closeAll()
-	}()
-
-	// Wait for both goroutines to finish, then ensure everything is closed.
-	go func() {
-		wg.Wait()
-		closeAll()
-	}()
 }
 
 func handleDummySession(newChan ssh.NewChannel) {
@@ -3006,6 +3065,7 @@ func main() {
 	// Initialise default per-connection bandwidth limits and SSH inactivity cleanup.
 	setDefaultLimits(cfg.DefaultLimitMbpsUp, cfg.DefaultLimitMbpsDown)
 	setSSHIdleTimeoutFromConfig(cfg.SSHIdleTimeout)
+	setMaxTotalConnsFromConfig(cfg.MaxTotalConnections)
 
 	// Initialise listener pools (used for initial startup and hot-reload alike).
 	publicPool = newListenerPool(serveHTTP80)

udpgw_integration.go

@@ -25,10 +25,24 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )
 
+// Safe ceilings applied regardless of config, so oversized values left in an
+// existing config.json cannot bloat per-client memory at scale.
+const (
+	udpgwSocketBufferMax   = 512 * 1024 // per-client UDP socket buffer (kernel memory)
+	udpgwWriteChanMax      = 1024       // per-client reply queue slots
+	udpgwDefaultMaxClients = 10000      // total concurrent client cap
+)
+
 var (
 	udpgwMu      sync.Mutex
 	udpgwLn      net.Listener
 	udpgwClients = make(map[net.Conn]struct{})
+	// udpgwClientLimit is the max concurrent clients (0 = unlimited). Set when
+	// the listener starts and read on every accept, all under udpgwMu.
+	udpgwClientLimit int
+	// udpgwClientsRejected counts clients turned away at the cap, for logging
+	// and future stats. Guarded by udpgwMu.
+	udpgwClientsRejected int64
 
 	udpgwAutoMu     sync.Mutex
 	udpgwAutoCancel context.CancelFunc
@@ -71,6 +85,17 @@ func registerUDPGWClient(conn net.Conn) bool {
 		_ = conn.Close()
 		return false
 	}
+	// Reject past the hard client cap so a surge cannot exhaust memory.
+	if udpgwClientLimit > 0 && len(udpgwClients) >= udpgwClientLimit {
+		udpgwClientsRejected++
+		rejected := udpgwClientsRejected
+		_ = conn.Close()
+		// Log the first rejection and then every 1000th to avoid log spam.
+		if rejected == 1 || rejected%1000 == 0 {
+			log.Printf("udpgw: client cap reached (%d); rejected %d client(s) so far", udpgwClientLimit, rejected)
+		}
+		return false
+	}
 	udpgwClients[conn] = struct{}{}
 	return true
 }
@@ -131,21 +156,29 @@ func startUDPGWInstance(cfg *UDPGWConfig) error {
 	} else {
 		c.hexdumpN = 64
 	}
-	if cfg.WriteChan > 0 {
+	// Per-client outgoing frame queue. A large queue costs ~24 B/slot of heap
+	// per client even when empty; at thousands of clients that adds up. UDP is
+	// lossy by nature, so a smaller queue that drops under backpressure is fine.
+	// The value is clamped to udpgwWriteChanMax so an oversized value left in an
+	// old config.json is ignored; only smaller custom values are honored.
+	c.writeChan = udpgwWriteChanMax
+	if cfg.WriteChan > 0 && cfg.WriteChan < udpgwWriteChanMax {
 		c.writeChan = cfg.WriteChan
-	} else {
-		c.writeChan = 4096
 	}
 	c.udpBindIP = cfg.UDPBindIP
-	if cfg.UDPRBuf > 0 {
+	// Per-client UDP socket buffers are KERNEL memory, allocated per connected
+	// client. 8 MB per socket is fine for a single process-wide listener, but
+	// here every tunnel user gets its own socket, so a large value multiplied by
+	// thousands of clients can exhaust kernel memory (especially if
+	// net.core.rmem_max was raised for DNSTT). Clamp to udpgwSocketBufferMax so
+	// old large config values are ignored; only smaller custom values are used.
+	c.udpRBuf = udpgwSocketBufferMax
+	if cfg.UDPRBuf > 0 && cfg.UDPRBuf < udpgwSocketBufferMax {
 		c.udpRBuf = cfg.UDPRBuf
-	} else {
-		c.udpRBuf = 8 * 1024 * 1024
 	}
-	if cfg.UDPWBuf > 0 {
+	c.udpWBuf = udpgwSocketBufferMax
+	if cfg.UDPWBuf > 0 && cfg.UDPWBuf < udpgwSocketBufferMax {
 		c.udpWBuf = cfg.UDPWBuf
-	} else {
-		c.udpWBuf = 8 * 1024 * 1024
 	}
 	// Parse durations with fallback defaults.
 	if cfg.MapTTL != "" {
@@ -191,6 +224,13 @@ func startUDPGWInstance(cfg *UDPGWConfig) error {
 	} else {
 		c.maxMapEntries = 32768
 	}
+	// Total concurrent client cap. New clients past this are rejected so a
+	// surge (e.g. well past normal load) cannot exhaust memory and crash.
+	if cfg.MaxClients > 0 {
+		c.maxClients = cfg.MaxClients
+	} else {
+		c.maxClients = udpgwDefaultMaxClients
+	}
 	// Start listening.
 	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", c.listen)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -198,12 +238,14 @@ func startUDPGWInstance(cfg *UDPGWConfig) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("udpgw: listen failed on %s: %w", c.listen, err)
 	}
 
-	// Register as the active listener so stopUDPGW can close it.
+	// Register as the active listener so stopUDPGW can close it, and publish
+	// the current client cap so registerUDPGWClient can enforce it.
 	udpgwMu.Lock()
 	if udpgwLn != nil {
 		_ = udpgwLn.Close()
 	}
 	udpgwLn = ln
+	udpgwClientLimit = c.maxClients
 	udpgwMu.Unlock()
 
 	if c.debug {
@@ -329,6 +371,7 @@ type internalUDPGWConfig struct {
 	idleTimeout    time.Duration
 	maxClientConns int
 	maxMapEntries  int
+	maxClients     int
 }
 
 // udpDestKey identifies a destination IPv4:port for the UDP gateway.  A
@@ -365,7 +408,11 @@ func handleUDPGWClient(conn net.Conn, c *internalUDPGWConfig) {
 	if tcp, ok := conn.(*net.TCPConn); ok {
 		_ = tcp.SetNoDelay(true)
 	}
-	br := bufio.NewReaderSize(conn, 256*1024)
+	// 32 KiB is ample for reading length-prefixed UDPGW frames (which are
+	// MTU-sized in practice). bufio serves reads larger than its buffer by
+	// reading straight into the caller's slice, so max-frame reads still work.
+	// The old 256 KiB buffer wasted ~224 KiB of heap per connected client.
+	br := bufio.NewReaderSize(conn, 32*1024)
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	defer cancel()
 	// Bind a UDP socket for this client.  Use cfg.udpBindIP if provided.